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Arabic

Definition of Harfun and Its Explanation

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 Before we discuss thoroughly Harfun, we should read Alfiyah ibn Malik’s book about Harfun. The verse is written as follows: siwahumal harfu kahal wa fi wa lam fi’lun mudhoriun yali lam Kayasyam

 سِوَاهُمَا الْحَرْفُ كَهَلْ وَفِى وَلَمْ فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ يَلِي لَمْ كَيَثَمْ

meaning “besides both (isim and fi’il) are harf like hal, fi, and lam. As for fi’il mudhori’ like lam Kayasyam.”

It is explained in a book by Ustadz Hamdani As Sidani Sidogiri that the harfun sentences are different from isim and fi’il sentences. It means that the isim and fi’il sentence signs can be seen (its form) but the harfun sentence signs cannot be seen (adamiy) so if there is a sentence that cannot be marked with an isim or fi’il sign it is called harfun sentences such as harfun  (هَلْ)hal, فِى)) fi, and (لَمْ ) lam on fi’il mudhori’. Fi’il mudhori’ is fi’il that can be entered by harfun lam, for example, ya’lamu changes to lam ya’lam,

Definition of Harfun and Its Explanation
Types of harfun in Arabic Language

So What does harfun mean?

Definition of Harfun is a word that cannot be marked with an isim or fi’il sign, harfun also can be interpreted as conjunction and a question word in Arabic, so that it is easy to understand that the word is a harfun if there is no isim and fi’il signs as written in alfiyah ibnu malik’s book, siwahumal harfu kahal wa fi walam

 سِوَاهُمَا الْحَرْفُ كَهَلْ وَفِى وَلَمْ فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ يَلِي لَمْ كَيَثَمْ

meaning “besides both (isim and fi’il) are harf like hal, fi, and lam. As for fi’il mudhori’ like lam Kayasyam.”

Eleven words in Arabic language that include letters (Harfun) are

  1. مِنْ (Min) means from
  2. اِلَى (Ila) means to
  3. كَ(Ka) means like
  4. هَل (Hal) means whether
  5. فِى(Fi) means inside
  6. بَيْنَ(Baina) means in between
  7. مَتَى )mata) means when
  8. كَيْفَ(Kaifa) means how
  9. اَيْنَ  (Aina) means where
  10. وَ(wa) means and
  11. ثُمَّ (tsumma) means later or next

As for the harfun also cannot accept changes in words, both harakat or form, the legal harfun is mabni (fixed), for example the harfun means whether it should not be read hil or hul, it will always be read Hal (هَلْ), because the legal harf is mabni

Based on the relationship between harfun (letters) with isim and fi’il, it is divided into two namely mukhtas (مُخْتَصْ) and ghoiru mukhtas (غَيْرُمُخْتصْ).

#Mukhtas (مُخْتَصْ), Mukhtas is Harfun comes to isim only or fi’il only

Examples of harfun sentences related to Isim sentences, and generally harfun make isim (noun) be marked with kasroh at the end of the word.

  1.  اَذْهَبُ اِلَى الْمَدِيْنَةِ Adzhabu ilal madinati means I go to the city
  2.  الصدقَةُ عَلَى الْمَحَبَّةِ Asshodaqotu alal mahabbati means a gift for love

Examples of harfun sentences related to fi’il, namely fi’il mudhori’ and generally harfun makes fi’il mudhori’ be marked with kasroh (jazm) at the end of the word.

  1.  يَكْتُبُ  Yaktubu means he is writing, with harfun lam becomes lam yaktub,يَكْتُبْ  لمْ means he has not written.
  2.  يَقْرَأْ Yaqrou means he is reading, with harfun lam becomes lam yaqro ‘, لمْ يَقْرَأْ means he has not read

#Ghoiru mukhtas (غَيْرُمُخْتصْ), ghoiru mukhtas is a harf that comes to isim and fi’il

Example sentences with ghoiru mukhtas on isim and fi’il

  1.   مَتَى جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللّه Mata ja a nasrullah? Means When will Allah’s help come?
  2.  هَلْ دَخَلَ مُحَمَّد؟ Hal dakhola Muhammad?  means Has Muhammad entered?

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